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991.
HWANG Chenway 《地球空间信息科学学报》2010,13(2):144-149
The quality of altimeter data and ocean tide model is critical to the recovery of coastal gravity anomalies. In this contribution,
three retracking methods (threshold, improved threshold and Beta-5) are investigated with the aim of improving the altimeter
data over a shallow water area. Comparison indicates that the improved threshold is the best retracking method over China
Sea. Two ocean tide models, NAO99b and CSR4.0, are analyzed. Results show that different tide models used in the processing
of altimeter data may result in differences more than 10 mGal in recovered coastal gravity anomalies. Also, NAO99b is more
suitable than CSR4.0 over the shallow water area of China Sea. Finally, gravity anomalies over China Sea are calculated from
retracked Geosat/GM and ERS-1/GM data by least squares collocation. Comparison with shipborne gravimetry data demonstrates
that gravity anomalies from retracked data are significantly superior to those from non-retracked data. Our results have the
same order as the other two altimeter-derived gravity models: Sandwell&Smith(V16) and DNSC08. 相似文献
992.
This work addresses the linear dynamics underlying the formation of density interfaces at the periphery of energetic vortices, well outside the vortex core, both in the radial and axial directions. We compute numerically the unstable modes of an anticyclonic Gaussian vortex lens in a continuously stratified rotating fluid. The most unstable mode is a slow mode, associated with a critical layer instability located at the vortex periphery. Although the most unstable disturbance has a characteristic vertical scale which is comparable to the vortex height, interestingly, the critical levels of the successively fastest growing modes are closely spaced at intervals along the axial direction that are much smaller than the vortex height. 相似文献
993.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(2)
Abstract Abstract The MASONW (MACRO + SOILN + Watershed) model describing nitrogen leaching in watersheds was developed and tested. The model is based on the MACRO and SOILN models. The dual-porosity model MACRO simulates water flow on the field scale. The SOILN model describes turnover and leaching of nitrogen. Two main features of a watershed have been added into these two models: (a) the existence of a river system, and (b) variable thickness of the aeration zone within a watershed. Good agreement between the output of the MASONW model and observed data for water discharge and nitrate concentrations were achieved in the Odense watershed (496 km2) in Denmark. 相似文献
994.
Abstract The Blaney-Criddle (BC) temperature-based equation is used in areas where the complete weather data to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ET0) by the Penman-Monteith FAO-56 (PMF-56) standard model is complex. In this study, the BC equation was first tested and calibrated against the ET0 values computed by the PMF-56 method using data from 17 weather stations in arid regions of Iran. Then, geographical information systems (GIS)-based spatially-distributed maps of ET0 were prepared by means of geographic/topographic factors derived from a digital elevation model (DEM) for all months, separately. The results indicate that the original BC equation overestimated PMF-56 ET0 by 4% at the study sites. The BC equation produced closer ET0 estimates to the PMF-56 method after it was calibrated. The error rate of <3% for the spatial modelling approach suggests that the developed ET0 maps are reliable. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor D. Yang Citation Tabari, H., Hosseinzadeh Talaee, P., and Shifteh Some'e, B., 2013. Spatial modelling of reference evapotranspiration using adjusted Blaney-Criddle equation in an arid environment. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (2), 408–420. 相似文献
995.
Based on the theory of gravity‐driven groundwater flow systems, we have developed a complex Flow System Sand‐Box Model (FSM). It enables the visual observations of the development and characteristics and temporal evolution of complex Tóthian flow systems in the laboratory. The configuration of the regional, intermediate and local flow systems can be controlled and observed; hydraulic head, flow direction and travel time can be measured; and the scale and shape of the sub‐flow systems as well as the path lines and flow lines can be observed directly. The experiments demonstrate the Tóthian flow systems in a small basin with multiple sources and sinks. Greater local topographic (water table) undulation will lead to larger local flow systems. Greater regional and less local topographic undulation will enhance the development of intermediate and regional flow systems. In homogeneous media, increasing fluid‐potential differences between source and sink increase the spatial scale of the generated flow systems. The FSM is a useful teaching aid and experimental device to study and develop an intuitive insight into gravity‐driven groundwater flow systems. It helps to visualize and understand the hydraulic properties and controlling factors of Tóthian flow systems and may be used to study problems related to the chemical and temperature characteristics of the flow systems as well. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
996.
Abstract The study of sediment load is important for its implications to the environment and water resources engineering. Four models were considered in the study of suspended sediment concentration prediction: artificial neural networks (ANNs), neuro-fuzzy model (NF), conjunction of wavelet analysis and neuro-fuzzy (WNF) model, and the conventional sediment rating curve (SRC) method. Using data from a US Geological Survey gauging station, the suspended sediment concentration predicted by the WNF model was in satisfactory agreement with the measured data. Also the proposed WNF model generated reasonable predictions for the extreme values. The cumulative suspended sediment load estimated by this model was much higher than that predicted by the other models, and is close to the observed data. However, in the current modelling, the ANN, NF and SRC models underestimated sediment load. The WNF model was successful in reproducing the hysteresis phenomenon, but the SRC method was not able to model this behaviour. In general, the results showed that the NF model performed better than the ANN and SRC models. Citation Mirbagheri, S. A., Nourani, V., Rajaee, T. & Alikhani, A. (2010) Neuro-fuzzy models employing wavelet analysis for suspended sediment concentration prediction in rivers. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(7), 1175–1189. 相似文献
997.
998.
The model presented in the complementary document entitled, Reservoir rainfall‐runoff geomorphological model I: parameter application and analysis is analysed, calibrated and validated in this paper. The accuracy of simulated hydrographs is analysed by means of the efficiency defined by Nash and Sutcliffe. The sensitivity of the influence of five parameters on the behaviour of the model developed is analysed. Two different calibration and validation processes of Reservoir rainfall‐runoff geomorphological model are performed in Aixola watershed. Twelve events have been selected for calibrations and 25 for validations. With the first calibration and validation process, the model parameters are set by assigning the medians' values of the distributions obtained by means of the optimum results. The second process is performed by calibrating the most determinant parameter in the adjustment, which is the one that indicates the proportion of infiltrated water that is retained and does not flow; this is done with an empirical formulation depending on the event characteristics. Subsequently, the obtained results are validated. This last process has achieved very good adjustments in both calibrated and validated events. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
999.
With the global wanning and sea level rising, it is widely recognized that there is an increasing tendency of typhoon occurrence frequency and intensity. The defenses code against typhoon attacks for nuclear power plant should be calibrated because of the increasing threat of typhoon disaster and severe consequences. This paper discusses the probabilistic approach of definitions about "probable maximum typhoon" and "probable maximum storm surge" in nuclear safety regulations of China and has made some design code calibrations by use of a newly proposed Double Layer Nested Multi-objective Probability Model (DLNMPM). 相似文献
1000.
Reconstruction of eddies by assimilating satellite altimeter data into Princeton Ocean Model 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
An optimal interpolation assimilation model for satellite altimetry data is developed based on
Princeton Ocean Model (POM), which is applied in a quasi-global domain, by the method of
isotropic correlation between sea level anomaly (SLA) and sea temperature anomaly. The perfor-
mance of this assimilation model is validated by the modeled results of SLA and the current patterns.
Comparisons between modeling and satellite data show that both the magnitudes and distribution
patterns of the simulated SLA are improved by assimilation. The most signiˉcant improvement is
that meso-scale systems, e.g., eddies, are well reconstructed. The evolution of an eddy located in
the northwest Paciˉc Ocean is traced by using the assimilation model. Model results show that
during three months the eddy migrated southwestward for about 6 degrees before merging into the
Kuroshio. The three dimensional structure of this eddy on 12 August 2001 is further analyzed.
The strength of this warm, cyclonic eddy decreases with the increase of depth. The eddy shows
di?erent horizontal patterns at di?erent layers, and the SLA and temperature ˉelds agree with each
other well. This study suggests that this kind of data assimilation is economic and reliable for eddy
reconstruction, and can be used as a promising technique in further studies of ocean eddies as well
as other ˉne circulation structures. 相似文献